Situation Awareness - PDF Viewer

Notes

## Bibliographic Reference

Endsley, M.R. (2021). Situation awareness. In G. Salvendy & W. Karwowski (Eds.), *Handbook of Human Factors and Ergonomics* (5th ed., Chapter 17, pp. 434-455). John Wiley & Sons.

## BibTeX

```bibtex
@incollection{endsley2021situationawareness,
  author = {Endsley, Mica R.},
  title = {Situation Awareness},
  booktitle = {Handbook of Human Factors and Ergonomics},
  editor = {Salvendy, Gavriel and Karwowski, Waldemar},
  publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons},
  year = {2021},
  edition = {5th},
  chapter = {17},
  pages = {434--455},
  doi = {10.1002/9781119636113.ch17}
}
```

## Summary

Definitive chapter on situation awareness by the seminal researcher who developed the most widely used SA definition and model. Covers:

- **Definition**: SA as perception (level 1), comprehension (level 2), and projection (level 3) of environmental elements
- **SA Model**: Cognitive processes including pre-attentive processing, working memory/attention constraints, long-term memory (mental models, schema), alternating goal-driven and data-driven processing
- **Expertise**: How mental models and schema enable experts to circumvent working memory limitations; 10-fold difference in SA between best/worst pilots
- **Eight SA Demons**: Attentional tunneling, requisite memory trap, WAFOS, data overload, misplaced salience, complexity creep, errant mental models, out-of-the-loop syndrome
- **Team SA**: Team SA requirements, devices, mechanisms, processes; shared SA; 44% of aviation accidents on first leg of new crew pairing
- **Training**: ISAT (Interactive SA Trainer), VESARS (Virtual Environment SA Review System), SAVI (SA Virtual Instructor)
- **System Design**: SA-oriented design process, Goal-Directed Task Analysis (GDTA), 50 SA-oriented design principles
- **Measurement**: SAGAT (SA Global Assessment Technique) with 94% sensitivity and r=.46 predictive validity; comparison of process, performance, subjective, and objective measures

Key statistic: SA problems underlie 88% of commercial airline accidents.

## Routing Note

Primary owner: human-centered-design-kb (foundational HFE construct, core to system design)
Cross-reference: remote-operations-kb (critical for remote vessel supervision, multi-asset monitoring)
Cross-reference: Relates strongly to mental-workload (workload affects SA via WAFOS)

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