Human factor influences on supervisory control of remotely operated and autonomous vessels

Notes

Veitch, E., Alsos, O.A., Cheng, T., Senderud, K. and Utne, I.B. (2024) 'Human factor influences on supervisory control of remotely operated and autonomous vessels', *Ocean Engineering*, 299, art. 117257. doi: 10.1016/j.oceaneng.2024.117257. Compiled into [[human-factors-supervisory-control-autonomous-vessels]].

A randomized factorial simulator experiment (n = 32; 16 gamers, 16 navigators) testing five factors on remote supervisory control of an autonomous urban passenger ferry (a Unity digital twin of milliAmpere2 at the NTNU Shore Control Lab): Skillset, Monitoring Time, Number of Vessels, Available Time, and Decision Support System (DSS). Each participant completed a handover (automation hands control over) and a takeover (operator takes control). Headline results: gamers and navigators both transferred skills with neither superior; longer monitoring raised boredom; performance fell with three vessels, low available time, and no DSS; DSS strongly helped handovers but not takeovers. Open access (CC BY 4.0); open dataset at DataverseNO (doi 10.18710/WYFMMP) and an open-source simulator. Born-digital PDF, clean text layer, OCR ok; verified via the RAW PDF and DOI.

**Pagination note.** *Ocean Engineering* is an article-number journal: the footer string `Ocean Engineering 299 (2024) 117257` is the constant article ID, **not** a page number. The real page numbers are the centred integers 1–16, which match the PDF pages exactly — locators use **PDF p. N = orig. (article-internal) p. N** (offset 0). There is no journal-wide page range; cite article number 117257.

**Filename note.** Kept the Elsevier download name `1-s2.0-S0029801824005948-main.pdf` (matches the existing sibling `1-s2.0-S0029801820308738-main.pdf` in this KB; `S0029801824005948` is the PII, ISSN 0029-8018).

**Routing note.** Owned by remote-operations-kb: remote supervisory control, handover/takeover interventions, DSS, and ROC/shore-control are core focus areas. Strongly cross-relevant to maritime-domain-kb (MASS) and human-centered-design-kb (situation awareness, vigilance); those KBs link rather than duplicate.

```bibtex
@article{veitch2024humanfactors,
  author    = {Veitch, Erik and Alsos, Ole Andreas and Cheng, Tingting and Senderud, Kristin and Utne, Ingrid Bouwer},
  title     = {Human factor influences on supervisory control of remotely operated and autonomous vessels},
  journal   = {Ocean Engineering},
  volume    = {299},
  pages     = {117257},
  year      = {2024},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.oceaneng.2024.117257},
  issn      = {0029-8018},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  note      = {Open access, CC BY 4.0. Dataset: https://doi.org/10.18710/WYFMMP}
}
```

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